{"id":711,"date":"2022-03-17T12:37:58","date_gmt":"2022-03-17T12:37:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/foundations.ac\/?p=711"},"modified":"2024-02-07T12:01:27","modified_gmt":"2024-02-07T12:01:27","slug":"swedish-exceptionalism-pandemic-response-public-trust-and-constitutional-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/foundations.ac\/hu\/swedish-exceptionalism-pandemic-response-public-trust-and-constitutional-design\/","title":{"rendered":"Sv\u00e9d kiv\u00e9teless\u00e9g: pand\u00e9mi\u00e1s v\u00e1lasz, k\u00f6zbizalom \u00e9s alkotm\u00e1nyos tervez\u00e9s\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00cdrta: Orlaith Rice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g v\u00e1lasza a Covid-19 vil\u00e1gj\u00e1rv\u00e1nyra vil\u00e1gszerte sok komment\u00e1rt vonzott. A k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1ba lett besorolva:<a href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/article\/commentary_sweden_goes_it_alone_the_eus_coronavirus_exception\/\">az EU kiv\u00e9tel<\/a>&#039;, a&#039;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/06\/22\/world\/europe\/sweden-coronavirus-pariah-scandinavia.html\">p\u00e1ria \u00e1llam<\/a>&quot;, \u00e9s meg lett c\u00edmk\u00e9zve&quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/world\/europe\/2021\/08\/03\/anti-lockdown-sweden-nears-zero-daily-covid-deaths\/\">anti-lockdown&#039;,<\/a> &#039;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/global-opinions\/swedens-anti-lockdown-experiment-flopped-now-it-faces-a-wave-of-pandemic-pain\/2020\/12\/01\/9e90ee28-3344-11eb-8d38-6aea1adb3839_story.html\">k\u00eds\u00e9rleti&#039;,<\/a> &#039;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/sep\/25\/what-lessons-can-europe-learn-from-sweden-covid-19-experience\">finom \u00e9rint\u00e9s&#039;,<\/a> \u00e9s &#039;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.welt.de\/politik\/ausland\/plus207038461\/Schwedens-Corona-Sonderweg-Naives-Gefuehl-der-Unbesiegbarkeit.html\">naiv&#039;<\/a>. A Covid-19 els\u0151 bejelent\u00e9se \u00f3ta a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020\">vil\u00e1gj\u00e1rv\u00e1ny<\/a> 2020 m\u00e1rcius\u00e1ban Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g soha nem vezetett be nemzeti z\u00e1rlatot, nem k\u00e9nyszer\u00edtette ki az \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos karant\u00e9nszab\u00e1lyokat, \u00e9s soha nem rendelt el maszkhaszn\u00e1lati felhatalmaz\u00e1st. 2022 febru\u00e1rj\u00e1ban a legt\u00f6bb fennmarad\u00f3, Covid-19-hez kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 korl\u00e1toz\u00e1s \u00e9rv\u00e9nyben volt <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/sweden-declare-pandemic-over-despite-warnings-scientists-2022-02-09\/\">felemelt\u00e9k<\/a>. Vend\u00e9gl\u00e1t\u00e1s \u00e9s kiskereskedelem <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/apa.15582\">folytatta<\/a> a vil\u00e1gj\u00e1rv\u00e1ny teljes ideje alatt m\u0171k\u00f6dni, \u00e9s a legt\u00f6bb iskola megtartotta a szem\u00e9lyes tan\u00edt\u00e1st. Nem volt fennakad\u00e1s a m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s\u00e9ben <a href=\"https:\/\/oxcon.ouplaw.com\/view\/10.1093\/law-occ19\/law-occ19-e12\">a parlament \u00e9s a b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gok<\/a>. A sv\u00e9d korm\u00e1ny 2020-ban t\u00f6bb mint 100 jogszab\u00e1lyt hozott a Covid-19-hez kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3an, de ezek t\u00f6bbnyire korl\u00e1tozottak voltak. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a rendelkez\u00e9sei <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/global-legal-monitor\/2021-01-21\/sweden-new-covid-19-act-enters-into-force\/\">ideiglenes jogszab\u00e1ly<\/a> A 2020 \u00e1prilis\u00e1ban behozott anyagokat a 2020 j\u00faliusi lej\u00e1rt\u00e1ig m\u00e9g egy\u00e1ltal\u00e1n nem haszn\u00e1lt\u00e1k fel. E vitatott, kev\u00e9sb\u00e9 invaz\u00edv megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9s ellen\u00e9re a bizony\u00edt\u00e9kok arra utalnak, hogy Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1gban magas szinten tartj\u00e1k be a Covid-19 terjed\u00e9s\u00e9nek korl\u00e1toz\u00e1s\u00e1ra vonatkoz\u00f3 aj\u00e1nl\u00e1sokat, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a fizikai t\u00e1vols\u00e1g megtart\u00e1sa \u00e9s az otthoni munkav\u00e9gz\u00e9s, ahol lehets\u00e9ges.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g \u201ekiv\u00e9teless\u00e9g\u00e9nek\u201d sok magyar\u00e1zata nem veszi tudom\u00e1sul, hogy a sv\u00e9d strat\u00e9gi\u00e1t bizonyos m\u00e9rt\u00e9kig el\u0151re meghat\u00e1rozta int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyi strukt\u00far\u00e1ja. A sv\u00e9d alkotm\u00e1ny (alapt\u00f6rv\u00e9nyek: <em>Grundlagarna<\/em>) k\u00f6zeg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyi v\u00e1ls\u00e1ghelyzet eset\u00e9n nem \u00edr el\u0151 sz\u00fcks\u00e9g\u00e1llapotot. Csak rendk\u00edv\u00fcli \u00e1llapotot lehet kihirdetni <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52021SC0725&amp;from=EN\">h\u00e1bor\u00fa idej\u00e9n<\/a>. \u00cdgy az \u00fcgyvezet\u0151nek nem volt lehet\u0151s\u00e9ge r\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/bppblog.com\/2020\/04\/23\/the-swedish-exception\/?fbclid=IwAR3K5DXn7fD94-P0laRivYpJOUWf6bXn4bWR86W2LJqyK3Q08Jhx574-WoE\">felf\u00fcggeszti a jogokat \u00e9s szabads\u00e1gokat,<\/a> p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a mozg\u00e1sszabads\u00e1g a Covid-19 terjed\u00e9s\u00e9nek megf\u00e9kez\u00e9s\u00e9re. A fert\u0151z\u0151 betegs\u00e9gek terjed\u00e9s\u00e9nek megf\u00e9kez\u00e9se \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben bevezetett orsz\u00e1gos z\u00e1rlat lehet\u0151s\u00e9ge val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg egyszer\u0171en volt <a href=\"https:\/\/project.nek.lu.se\/publications\/workpap\/papers\/wp20_11.pdf\">el\u0151re nem l\u00e1that\u00f3<\/a> az alkotm\u00e1ny \u00edr\u00e1sakor. <a href=\"https:\/\/oxcon.ouplaw.com\/view\/10.1093\/law-occ19\/law-occ19-e12\">K\u00f6z\u00f6ns\u00e9ges t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny<\/a> szab\u00e1lyozza az eg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyi v\u00e9szhelyzeteket Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1gban, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a <a href=\"https:\/\/oxcon.ouplaw.com\/view\/10.1093\/law-occ19\/law-occ19-e12\">Fert\u0151z\u0151 betegs\u00e9gekr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 2004. \u00e9vi t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00e1s orsz\u00e1gok azonban, amelyek hasonl\u00f3k\u00e9ppen nem f\u00fcggesztett\u00e9k fel a jogaikat h\u00e1bor\u00fas id\u0151n k\u00edv\u00fcl, ennek ellen\u00e9re z\u00e1rol\u00e1si int\u00e9zked\u00e9seket vezettek be, a hat\u00f3s\u00e1gok v\u00e9lem\u00e9nye alapj\u00e1n, hogy ez az ar\u00e1nyoss\u00e1g \u00e9s a tisztess\u00e9ges elj\u00e1r\u00e1s alkotm\u00e1nyos k\u00f6vetelm\u00e9nyeivel \u00f6sszhangban t\u00f6rt\u00e9nhet (pl. <a href=\"https:\/\/oxcon.ouplaw.com\/view\/10.1093\/law-occ19\/law-occ19-e19?print=pdf\">\u00cdrorsz\u00e1g<\/a>). P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a <a href=\"https:\/\/oxcon.ouplaw.com\/view\/10.1093\/law-occ19\/law-occ19-e12\">Fert\u0151z\u0151 betegs\u00e9gekr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 2004. \u00e9vi t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny<\/a> sz\u00fcks\u00e9g eset\u00e9n karant\u00e9n alkalmaz\u00e1s\u00e1t \u00edrja el\u0151 Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1gban. Ennek ellen\u00e9re a korm\u00e1ny nem vezetett be k\u00f6telez\u0151 karant\u00e9n-szab\u00e1lyokat a fert\u0151z\u00f6ttek sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g szokatlan volt a puha jogi megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9sben, m\u00e9g a 2020 el\u0151tt l\u00e9tez\u0151 alkotm\u00e1nyos korl\u00e1toz\u00e1sokat is figyelembe v\u00e9ve.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A sv\u00e9d alkotm\u00e1ny ezt lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi <a href=\"https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/sweden-s-constitution-decides-its-exceptional-covid-19-policy\">a nyilv\u00e1nos \u00f6sszej\u00f6vetelek korl\u00e1toz\u00e1sa<\/a> j\u00e1rv\u00e1ny idej\u00e9n, amit a korm\u00e1ny v\u00e9gre is hajtott, \u00e9s egy ponton legfeljebb 50 f\u0151re korl\u00e1tozta az ilyen \u00f6sszej\u00f6veteleket. Az Alkotm\u00e1nyra is jellemz\u0151 a decentraliz\u00e1lt hatalommegoszt\u00e1s \u00e9s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/5cc92d45-fbdb-43b7-9c66-26501693a371\">nagy er\u0151t ad<\/a> f\u00fcggetlen szerveknek, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a K\u00f6zeg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyi \u00dcgyn\u00f6ks\u00e9gnek<em>Folkh\u00e4lsomyndigheten<\/em>). A sv\u00e9d strat\u00e9gia nagym\u00e9rt\u00e9kben t\u00e1maszkodott a K\u00f6zeg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyi \u00dcgyn\u00f6ks\u00e9gt\u0151l \u00e9s Anders Tegnell \u00e1llami epidemiol\u00f3gust\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3, nem k\u00f6telez\u0151 erej\u0171 aj\u00e1nl\u00e1sokra. Mik\u00f6zben a korm\u00e1ny <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/apa.15582\">elutas\u00edthatja<\/a> ezeket az aj\u00e1nl\u00e1sokat, a gyakorlatban nem. Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/bppblog.com\/2020\/04\/23\/the-swedish-exception\/?fbclid=IwAR3K5DXn7fD94-P0laRivYpJOUWf6bXn4bWR86W2LJqyK3Q08Jhx574-WoE\">episztokratikus<\/a> \u00e9s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/2491502993?pq-origsite=summon\">technokrata<\/a> Az ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1si strukt\u00fara el\u0151seg\u00edtette a k\u00f6zeg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyi v\u00e1laszad\u00e1st, amelyet szinte kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lag k\u00f6zeg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyi szak\u00e9rt\u0151k, nem pedig politikusok vezettek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ezen t\u00falmen\u0151en a szoci\u00e1ldemokrat\u00e1k \u00e9s a z\u00f6ldek 2018 \u00f3ta kisebbs\u00e9gi korm\u00e1nyon vannak. Ez a gyenge poz\u00edci\u00f3 visszavethetett minden olyan rendk\u00edv\u00fcli t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny megalkot\u00e1s\u00e1ra ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 v\u00e1gyat, amely a korm\u00e1ny szavaz\u00e1s\u00e1t v\u00e1lthatta ki. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/2491502993?pq-origsite=summon\">nincs bizalom<\/a>. Ezen t\u00falmen\u0151en a vezet\u0151i v\u00e1lasz a sz\u00fcks\u00e9gess\u00e9g \u00e9s az ar\u00e1nyoss\u00e1g elv\u00e9re vonatkozott, \u00f6sszhangban a <a href=\"https:\/\/oxcon.ouplaw.com\/view\/10.1093\/law-occ19\/law-occ19-e12\">jog\u00e1llamis\u00e1g<\/a>. A N\u00e9peg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyi \u00dcgyn\u00f6ks\u00e9g emellett k\u00f6teles a k\u00f6zeg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgy \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben holisztikusan fell\u00e9pni, \u00edgy aj\u00e1nl\u00e1sainak nem az volt az egyetlen c\u00e9lja, hogy a Covid-19 terjed\u00e9s\u00e9t a k\u00f6zeg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgy egy\u00e9b szempontjainak rov\u00e1s\u00e1ra megakad\u00e1lyozza. Anders Tegnell jellemezte az \u00f6v\u00e9t <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/5cc92d45-fbdb-43b7-9c66-26501693a371\">megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9s<\/a> fenntarthat\u00f3nak, \u00e9s d\u00f6nt\u00e9shozatal\u00e1ban a bez\u00e1r\u00e1sokat al\u00e1t\u00e1maszt\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos bizony\u00edt\u00e9kok hi\u00e1ny\u00e1ra is hivatkozott.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A sv\u00e9d megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9s kialak\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ban szerepet j\u00e1tsz\u00f3 tov\u00e1bbi elemek a sv\u00e9d <a href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/article\/commentary_sweden_goes_it_alone_the_eus_coronavirus_exception\/\">kult\u00fara,<\/a> er\u0151s hagyom\u00e1nya <a href=\"https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/underpinnings-sweden-s-permissive-covid-regime\">liberalizmus,<\/a> \u00e9s Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g j\u00f3 h\u00edrnev\u00e9t magas bizalmi \u00e1llamk\u00e9nt. A sv\u00e9dek m\u00e1r r\u00e9g\u00f3ta magas szint\u0171 int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyi \u00e9s szem\u00e9lyk\u00f6zi bizalommal rendelkeznek, ami kulcsfontoss\u00e1g\u00fa t\u00e9nyez\u0151 a Covid-19 korl\u00e1toz\u00e1sainak \u00f6nk\u00e9ntes vagy egy\u00e9b m\u00f3don t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 betart\u00e1s\u00e1ban. Nemcsak ez a bizalom volt jelen <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/trust\">el\u0151tt<\/a> a vil\u00e1gj\u00e1rv\u00e1ny, 2020 elej\u00e9n n\u0151tt<a href=\"https:\/\/ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/1475-6765.12419\">gy\u00fclekez\u00e9s a z\u00e1szl\u00f3 k\u00f6r\u00fcl<\/a>&#039; hat\u00e1st. M\u00edg egy k\u00e9s\u0151bbi tanulm\u00e1ny meg\u00e1llap\u00edtotta, hogy a szem\u00e9lyk\u00f6zi bizalom valamelyest cs\u00f6kkent a j\u00e1rv\u00e1ny el\u0151rehaladt\u00e1val, az int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyi bizalom nem v\u00e1ltozott. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/2619083703\">magas maradt<\/a>. A sv\u00e9dek is nagyon b\u00edznak benne <a href=\"https:\/\/v-a.se\/2021\/12\/coronavirus-in-the-media-swedish-study-highlights-high-public-confidence-in-researchers\/\">kutat\u00f3k<\/a>. \u00cdgy a korm\u00e1nyzati v\u00e1lasz, amely a bizalomra \u00e9s a szem\u00e9lyes felel\u0151ss\u00e9gre t\u00e1maszkodott, <a href=\"https:\/\/project.nek.lu.se\/publications\/workpap\/papers\/wp20_11.pdf\">t\u00fckr\u00f6z\u00f6tt<\/a> a sv\u00e9d k\u00f6zv\u00e9lem\u00e9ny norm\u00e1i \u00e9s \u00e9rt\u00e9kei. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul miut\u00e1n az els\u0151 Covid-19 hull\u00e1m ut\u00e1n al\u00e1bbhagyott a laissez-faire strat\u00e9gia nyilv\u00e1nos t\u00e1mogatotts\u00e1ga, az \u00fcgyvezet\u0151 elfogadta a <a href=\"https:\/\/oxcon.ouplaw.com\/view\/10.1093\/law-occ19\/law-occ19-e12\">2021. \u00e9vi Covid-19 t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny<\/a>, amely olyan m\u00f3don korl\u00e1tozta a jogokat, ami addig t\u00e1rsadalmilag val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg elfogadhatatlan lett volna.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ennek a blognak nem az a c\u00e9lja, hogy \u00e9rt\u00e9kelje Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t a k\u00f6zeg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyi eredm\u00e9nyek szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l, hanem hogy megvil\u00e1g\u00edtsa a v\u00e1lasz int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyi kontextus\u00e1t \u00e9s azokat a t\u00e9nyez\u0151ket, amelyek befoly\u00e1solj\u00e1k a korm\u00e1ny \u00e1ltal nem el\u0151\u00edrt korl\u00e1toz\u00e1sok betart\u00e1s\u00e1t. Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g alkotm\u00e1nyos kerete m\u00e1r j\u00f3val a vil\u00e1gj\u00e1rv\u00e1ny kezdete el\u0151tt \u00fatitervet adott a j\u00e1rv\u00e1ny kezel\u00e9s\u00e9hez, \u00e9s legal\u00e1bb r\u00e9szben megmagyar\u00e1zhatja a nagyr\u00e9szt \u00f6nk\u00e9ntes megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9st \u00e9s a korm\u00e1ny szem\u00e9lyes felel\u0151ss\u00e9gre vonatkoz\u00f3 elv\u00e1r\u00e1sait a Covid-19 vil\u00e1gj\u00e1rv\u00e1ny sor\u00e1n.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Orlaith Rice Sweden\u2019s response to the Covid-19 pandemic is one that has attracted global commentary. It has been categorised as \u2018the EU\u2019s exception\u2019, a \u2018pariah state\u2019, and been labelled \u2018anti-lockdown\u2019, \u2018experimental\u2019, \u2018light-touch\u2019, and \u2018na\u00efve\u2019. Since Covid-19 was first declared a pandemic in March 2020, Sweden has never imposed a national lockdown, enforced general quarantine [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":714,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-711","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-covid-19"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Swedish Exceptionalism: Pandemic Response, Public Trust, and Constitutional Design\u00a0 - FIAT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/foundations.ac\/hu\/swedish-exceptionalism-pandemic-response-public-trust-and-constitutional-design\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hu_HU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Swedish Exceptionalism: Pandemic Response, Public Trust, and Constitutional Design\u00a0 - FIAT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Orlaith Rice Sweden\u2019s response to the Covid-19 pandemic is one that has attracted global commentary. 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