{"id":925,"date":"2024-03-04T15:43:22","date_gmt":"2024-03-04T15:43:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/foundations.ac\/?p=925"},"modified":"2024-03-04T15:47:33","modified_gmt":"2024-03-04T15:47:33","slug":"sweden-democrats","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/foundations.ac\/hu\/sweden-democrats\/","title":{"rendered":"Sv\u00e9d Demokrat\u00e1k: \u00fajabb gy\u0151zelem a jobboldali populizmusnak \u00e9s az illiberalizmusnak Eur\u00f3p\u00e1ban?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cdrta: Orlaith Rice<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Az integr\u00e1ci\u00f3s politika miatti csal\u00f3dotts\u00e1g \u00e9s a b\u0171n\u00f6z\u00e9st\u0151l val\u00f3 f\u00e9lelem \u2013 k\u00e9t olyan t\u00e9ma, amelyet a sv\u00e9d politikai retorika \u00e9s a k\u00f6zv\u00e9lem\u00e9ny egyre ink\u00e1bb \u00f6sszekever \u2013 t\u00e1pl\u00e1lja a Sv\u00e9d Demokrat\u00e1k el\u0151rehalad\u00e1s\u00e1t a mainstream politika ir\u00e1ny\u00e1ba. Orlaith Rice<\/strong> m\u00e9rlegeli, hol \u00fcl ez a p\u00e1rt a populizmus \u00e9s az illiberalizmus c\u00edmk\u00e9je alatt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Benne leg\u00fajabb darabja a The Loop-hoz<\/a>, Gefjon Off arr\u00f3l besz\u00e9l, hogyan normaliz\u00e1l\u00f3dott a Sv\u00e9d Demokrat\u00e1k (SD), egy jobboldali, nacionalista p\u00e1rt a sv\u00e9d politik\u00e1ban. A v\u00e1ratlanul konzervat\u00edv fiatal f\u00e9rfi szavaz\u00e1s, amelyet a k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gi m\u00e9dia fellend\u00edtett, kulcsfontoss\u00e1g\u00fa volt a p\u00e1rt v\u00e1laszt\u00e1si siker\u00e9ben. Gefjon cikk\u00e9re \u00e9p\u00edtve azt \u00e1ll\u00edtom, hogy a bev\u00e1ndorl\u00e1s \u00e9s a b\u0171n\u00f6z\u00e9s kulcsfontoss\u00e1g\u00fa t\u00e1rsadalmi agg\u00e1lyok a mai Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1gban. Ezeket az \u00e9rzelmi probl\u00e9m\u00e1kat kihaszn\u00e1lva az SD el\u0151seg\u00edtette az el\u0151t\u00e9rbe ker\u00fcl\u00e9s\u00e9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Szoros v\u00e1laszt\u00e1s<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A Sv\u00e9d Demokrat\u00e1k 2010-ben jutottak be el\u0151sz\u00f6r a parlamentbe. A szeptember 11-i rendk\u00edv\u00fcl szoros v\u00e1laszt\u00e1sok ut\u00e1n a parlament m\u00e1sodik legnagyobb p\u00e1rtj\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u0151tte ki mag\u00e1t. Az idei v\u00e1laszt\u00e1sokon az SD 20% szavazatot szerzett, 3%-vel magasabb, mint 2018<\/a>, amikor Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g harmadik legnagyobb p\u00e1rtja volt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A baloldali szoci\u00e1ldemokrat\u00e1k, hagyom\u00e1nyosan Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g legnagyobb p\u00e1rtja v\u00e9gzett az \u00e9len, 301 TP3T szavazattal, ami szint\u00e9n n\u00f6velte a szavazatait. 2018 bemutat\u00f3<\/a>. Mivel azonban a jobboldali M\u00e9rs\u00e9keltek ker\u00fcltek be a harmadik helyre, a jobboldali blokk kis h\u00edj\u00e1n megnyerte az \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos v\u00e1laszt\u00e1sokat. 176-173 f\u00e9r\u0151hely<\/a>. Magdalena Andersson, r\u00f6viden Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g els\u0151 n\u0151i minisztereln\u00f6ke engedett a v\u00e1laszt\u00e1son<\/a> \u00e9s lemondott, b\u00e1r tov\u00e1bbra is \u0151 a szoci\u00e1ldemokrata vezet\u0151.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

A szeptember 11-i rendk\u00edv\u00fcl szoros v\u00e1laszt\u00e1sok ut\u00e1n a Sv\u00e9d Demokrat\u00e1k imm\u00e1r a m\u00e1sodik legnagyobb p\u00e1rt a Riksdagban.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

A k\u00f6zelj\u00f6v\u0151ben \u00faj korm\u00e1nyt kell alak\u00edtani h\u00e9tig<\/a>, b\u00e1r tov\u00e1bbra sem vil\u00e1gos, hogy ez hogyan fog alakulni. Hagyom\u00e1nyosan a p\u00e1rtok nem hajland\u00f3k koal\u00edci\u00f3ra l\u00e9pni az SD-vel, b\u00e1r ez most m\u00e1r elker\u00fclhetetlen. A gyakorlatban a koal\u00edci\u00f3k l\u00e9trehoz\u00e1s\u00e1t\u00f3l val\u00f3 vonakod\u00e1s oda vezetett gyenge kisebbs\u00e9gi korm\u00e1nyok<\/a>, mert sem a bal-, sem a jobboldali blokkok nem voltak el\u00e9g nagyok ahhoz, hogy t\u00f6bbs\u00e9get alkossanak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg a m\u00e9rs\u00e9kelt vezet\u0151, Ulf Kristersson lesz a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 minisztereln\u00f6k. SD vannak nem val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171, hogy megszerezz\u00fck<\/a> b\u00e1rmilyen miniszteri posztot, b\u00e1r az SD Julia Kronlidra szavaztak m\u00e1sodik aleln\u00f6k<\/a> a Riksdag. Ennek ellen\u00e9re az SD-t felc\u00edmk\u00e9zt\u00e9k kir\u00e1lycsin\u00e1l\u00f3k <\/a>az \u00faj korm\u00e1nyt\u00f3l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eSv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g \u00fajra j\u00f3v\u00e1 t\u00e9tele\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g alkotm\u00e1nyos liber\u00e1lis demokr\u00e1cia, amelyr\u0151l r\u00e9g\u00f3ta felt\u00e9telezt\u00e9k, hogy immunis a vil\u00e1gpolitik\u00e1t els\u00f6pr\u0151 jobboldali populizmus \u00fajj\u00e1\u00e9led\u00e9s\u00e9vel szemben. Defin\u00edci\u00f3k term\u00e9szetesen b\u0151velkednek. De jellemezhetj\u00fck a jobboldali populizmust erk\u00f6lcsi harck\u00e9nt, amely szembe\u00e1ll\u00edtja a h\u00e9tk\u00f6znapi, szorgalmas embereket a korrupt elit<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A jobboldali populista p\u00e1rtok kihaszn\u00e1lj\u00e1k a v\u00e1ls\u00e1gokat. Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1gban kihaszn\u00e1lj\u00e1k a nagylelk\u0171 migr\u00e1ci\u00f3s politika k\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9nyeit, nevezetesen a 2015-\u00f6s v\u00e1ls\u00e1g alatti menek\u00fclt\u00e1radatot, valamint a band\u00e1k tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9g\u00e9nek \u00e9s a fegyveres er\u0151szaknak a n\u00f6veked\u00e9s\u00e9t. Az SD ezeket \u00f6sszekapcsolja, a bev\u00e1ndorl\u00f3 b\u0171nelk\u00f6vet\u0151kr\u0151l \u2013 \u00fan.krimigr\u00e1ci\u00f3<\/a>'.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amikor az \u00e9v elej\u00e9n kvalitat\u00edv terepmunk\u00e1t v\u00e9geztem a doktori disszert\u00e1ci\u00f3mhoz, felt\u0171n\u0151en elterjedt a frusztr\u00e1ci\u00f3 az integr\u00e1ci\u00f3 kezel\u00e9s\u00e9vel \u00e9s a b\u00fcntet\u0151 igazs\u00e1gszolg\u00e1ltat\u00e1si int\u00e9zked\u00e9sek t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1val kapcsolatban. Ezek k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozott a elt\u00e1vol\u00edt\u00e1s <\/a>a fiatalok b\u00fcntet\u00e9s\u00e9nek automatikus cs\u00f6kkent\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A jobboldali populista p\u00e1rtok \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban nacionalist\u00e1k \u00e9s kirekeszt\u0151ek. Az 1988-ban alakult Sv\u00e9d Demokrat\u00e1k gy\u00f6kerei a neon\u00e1cizmusban rejlenek. Szlogenjei k\u00f6z\u00f6tt szerepel:Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g sv\u00e9d maradjon<\/a>'. Jimmie \u00c5kesson vezet\u0151 val\u00f3ban azt akarja,tedd \u00fajra j\u00f3v\u00e1 Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1got<\/a>'. Ez nem eg\u00e9szen Trump \u201etegye \u00fajra naggy\u00e1 Amerik\u00e1t\u201d \u2013 de nagyon messze van Stefan L\u00f6fven akkori minisztereln\u00f6k\u00e9t\u0151l.az \u00e9n Eur\u00f3p\u00e1m nem \u00e9p\u00edt falakat<\/a>2015-ben. Az SD bev\u00e1ndorl\u00e1sellenes, iszl\u00e1mellenes<\/a>, \u00e9s kem\u00e9ny a b\u0171n\u00f6z\u00e9s ellen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Ezen a v\u00e1laszt\u00e1son el\u0151sz\u00f6r a b\u0171n\u00f6z\u00e9s volt a legnagyobb probl\u00e9ma a sv\u00e9d szavaz\u00f3k sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. A bev\u00e1ndorl\u00e1sellenes, kem\u00e9ny b\u0171n\u00f6z\u00e9ssel k\u00fczd\u0151 Sv\u00e9d Demokrat\u00e1k az egyetlen olyan p\u00e1rtk\u00e9nt poz\u00edcion\u00e1lt\u00e1k magukat, amely k\u00e9pes kezelni a probl\u00e9m\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

A sv\u00e9d politik\u00e1hoz kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 konformit\u00e1s \u00e9s konszenzus kult\u00far\u00e1ja \u00e9vtizedekre hat\u00e9konyan elhallgattatta a bev\u00e1ndorl\u00e1si vit\u00e1t. Ez akad\u00e1lyozta az el\u0151z\u0151 korm\u00e1nyt abban is, hogy foglalkozzon a b\u0171n\u00f6z\u00e9ssel \u00e9s a bev\u00e1ndorl\u00e1si agg\u00e1lyokkal, b\u00e1r ebben a v\u00e1laszt\u00e1si kamp\u00e1nyban a baloldali szoci\u00e1ldemokrat\u00e1k kem\u00e9nyebb \u00e1ll\u00e1spont<\/a> a migr\u00e1ci\u00f3s politik\u00e1r\u00f3l, mint az v\u00e1rhat\u00f3 volt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ezen a v\u00e1laszt\u00e1son a b\u0171n\u00f6z\u00e9s az volt a v\u00e1laszt\u00f3k legnagyobb probl\u00e9m\u00e1ja<\/a> Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben el\u0151sz\u00f6r. Hetekkel a v\u00e1laszt\u00e1sok el\u0151tt a hal\u00e1los l\u00f6v\u00f6ld\u00f6z\u00e9sek \u00e9ves rekordokat d\u00f6nt\u00f6ttek meg 47 hal\u00e1leset<\/a> fegyveres er\u0151szakt\u00f3l. Az SD \u00fagy pozicion\u00e1lta mag\u00e1t, mint az egyetlen olyan p\u00e1rt, amely k\u00e9pes kezelni ezeket a v\u00e1ls\u00e1gokat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jobboldali populizmus \u00e9s illiberalizmus?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A jobboldali populista p\u00e1rtok \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos \u00e9rv\u00e9nyes\u00fcl\u00e9se Eur\u00f3pa-szerte terjed, olyan k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 orsz\u00e1gokban, mint Ausztria, D\u00e1nia, \u00c9sztorsz\u00e1g, Finnorsz\u00e1g, Franciaorsz\u00e1g, Magyarorsz\u00e1g, Hollandia, Lengyelorsz\u00e1g, Szerbia \u00e9s T\u00f6r\u00f6korsz\u00e1g. Ek\u00f6zben Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g a maga j\u00f3l\u00e9ti \u00e1llam\u00e1val kiv\u00e9telnek sz\u00e1m\u00edtott. A tolerancia, a multikulturalizmus \u00e9s az emberi jogok tiszteletben tart\u00e1sa orsz\u00e1g\u00e1nak tekintett\u00e9k. Ez az a fogalom,Sv\u00e9d kiv\u00e9teless\u00e9g<\/a>' ami, amint az SD bebizony\u00edtotta, most fesz\u00fclts\u00e9g alatt \u00e1ll.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A legut\u00f3bbi siker a Giorgia Meloni<\/a> Olaszorsz\u00e1gban, valamint a sv\u00e9d v\u00e1laszt\u00e1si eredm\u00e9ny tov\u00e1bbi vit\u00e1kat \u00e9s aggodalmakat v\u00e1ltott ki. Luca Manucci<\/a>P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul ezen a blogoldalon \u00f3va int att\u00f3l, hogy a \u201epopulista\u201d kifejez\u00e9st t\u00fal t\u00e1g ecsettel haszn\u00e1ljuk. Azzal \u00e9rvel, hogy az olyan p\u00e1rtokat, mint az olasz testv\u00e9rek, pontosabban illiber\u00e1lisnak vagy neofasiszt\u00e1nak nevezik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

A Sv\u00e9d Demokrat\u00e1k programja ink\u00e1bb kirekeszt\u0151nek, semmint antidemokratikusnak t\u0171nik; az illiberalizmus m\u00e1rk\u00e1ja ink\u00e1bb ideol\u00f3giai, semmint bomlaszt\u00f3<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Egyesek populist\u00e1nak \u00edrj\u00e1k le az SD-t. A p\u00e1rt p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul azzal b\u00e1tor\u00edtotta ezt a le\u00edr\u00e1st, hogy felhagyott vele Euroszkeptikus \u00e1ll\u00e1spont<\/a> a 2019-es eur\u00f3pai parlamenti v\u00e1laszt\u00e1sok el\u0151tt. De az SD illiber\u00e1lis? Marlene Laruelle<\/a> az illiberalizmust a liberalizmus elleni reakci\u00f3k\u00e9nt \u00edrja le. K\u00f6nnyen bel\u00e1that\u00f3, hogy az integr\u00e1ci\u00f3 \u00e9s a b\u0171n\u00f6z\u00e9s elleni k\u00fczdelem val\u00f3s vagy v\u00e9lt kudarcai\u00e9rt mik\u00e9nt lehet Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1g h\u00edres liberalizmus\u00e1t hib\u00e1ztatni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ha k\u00f6vetj\u00fck Jasper Kauth megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6ztet\u00e9s\u00e9t, \u00fagy t\u0171nik, az SD napirendje al\u00e1 esik ideol\u00f3giai illiberalizmus<\/a>, nem pedig a bomlaszt\u00f3 illiberalizmust. Ink\u00e1bb kirekeszt\u0151, mint antidemokratikus. \u00c9rdemes azonban megjegyezni, hogy a sz\u00e9ls\u0151jobb \u00e9rv\u00e9nyes\u00fcl\u00e9se \u00e9s az illiberalizmus k\u00fasz\u00e1sa egy orsz\u00e1gban zajlik. tekint\u00e9lyelv\u0171 t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem n\u00e9lk\u00fcl<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nem gy\u0151z\u00f6tt a sz\u00e9ls\u0151jobb<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

De nem szabad t\u00falbecs\u00fcln\u00fcnk az SD siker\u00e9t a legut\u00f3bbi v\u00e1laszt\u00e1sokon. A p\u00e1rt szavazata nem n\u0151tt drasztikusan a 2018-as r\u00e9szesed\u00e9s\u00e9hez k\u00e9pest. Nem val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171, hogy az SD megpr\u00f3b\u00e1lja al\u00e1\u00e1sni a f\u00e9keket \u00e9s egyens\u00falyokat <\/strong>ahogy m\u00e1shol l\u00e1ttuk, \u00e9s jelenleg nincs is erre hatalma. Az SD sikere abb\u00f3l fakad, hogy k\u00e9pes besz\u00e9lni a sv\u00e9dek jogos aggodalmaival az integr\u00e1ci\u00f3val \u00e9s a b\u0171n\u00fcgyi politik\u00e1val kapcsolatban. M\u00e1s p\u00e1rtok ker\u00fclt\u00e9k ezeket a t\u00e9m\u00e1kat, \u00edgy az SD-nek szinte \u00e9vekig monop\u00f3liuma van az ilyen besz\u00e9lget\u00e9sekben. Ennek ellen\u00e9re l\u00e9nyeges, hogy pl. m\u00e9g Sv\u00e9dorsz\u00e1gban is<\/a>, r\u00e9g\u00f3ta demokratikus \u00e9s kultur\u00e1lis hagyom\u00e1nyok <\/a>val\u00f3ban tesztel\u00e9s el\u0151tt \u00e1llnak.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Orlaith Rice Frustration with integration policy and fear of crime, two issues which Swedish political rhetoric and public opinion increasingly conflates, fuel the Sweden Democrats\u2019 onward journey into mainstream politics. Orlaith Rice considers where this party sits under labels of populism and illiberalism In her recent piece for The Loop, Gefjon Off discusses how the Sweden Democrats […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":926,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17,22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-925","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-right-wing-populism","category-sweden"],"yoast_head":"\nSweden Democrats: another win for right-wing populism and illiberalism in Europe? 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