{"id":711,"date":"2022-03-17T12:37:58","date_gmt":"2022-03-17T12:37:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/foundations.ac\/?p=711"},"modified":"2024-02-07T12:01:27","modified_gmt":"2024-02-07T12:01:27","slug":"swedish-exceptionalism-pandemic-response-public-trust-and-constitutional-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/foundations.ac\/sv\/swedish-exceptionalism-pandemic-response-public-trust-and-constitutional-design\/","title":{"rendered":"Swedish Exceptionalism: Pandemic Response, Public Trust, and Constitutional Design\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Av Orlaith Rice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sveriges svar p\u00e5 covid-19-pandemin har f\u00e5tt globala kommentarer. Det har kategoriserats som &#039;<a href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/article\/commentary_sweden_goes_it_alone_the_eus_coronavirus_exception\/\">EU:s undantag<\/a>&#039;, en&#039;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/06\/22\/world\/europe\/sweden-coronavirus-pariah-scandinavia.html\">pariastat<\/a>&#039; och blivit m\u00e4rkt &#039;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/world\/europe\/2021\/08\/03\/anti-lockdown-sweden-nears-zero-daily-covid-deaths\/\">anti-lockdown&#039;,<\/a> &#039;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/global-opinions\/swedens-anti-lockdown-experiment-flopped-now-it-faces-a-wave-of-pandemic-pain\/2020\/12\/01\/9e90ee28-3344-11eb-8d38-6aea1adb3839_story.html\">experimentell&#039;,<\/a> &#039;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/sep\/25\/what-lessons-can-europe-learn-from-sweden-covid-19-experience\">l\u00e4tt ber\u00f6ring&#039;,<\/a> och &#039;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.welt.de\/politik\/ausland\/plus207038461\/Schwedens-Corona-Sonderweg-Naives-Gefuehl-der-Unbesiegbarkeit.html\">naiv&#039;<\/a>. Sedan Covid-19 f\u00f6rst f\u00f6rklarades som en <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020\">pandemisk<\/a> i mars 2020 har Sverige aldrig inf\u00f6rt en nationell lockdown, verkst\u00e4llt allm\u00e4nna karant\u00e4nsregler eller inf\u00f6rt ett maskmandat. Fr\u00e5n och med februari 2022 har de flesta \u00e5terst\u00e5ende Covid-19-relaterade restriktioner nu varit <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/sweden-declare-pandemic-over-despite-warnings-scientists-2022-02-09\/\">lyfts<\/a>. G\u00e4stfrihet och detaljhandel <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/apa.15582\">fortsatt<\/a> att fungera under hela pandemin och de flesta skolor beh\u00f6ll personlig undervisning. Det var inget avbrott i verksamheten <a href=\"https:\/\/oxcon.ouplaw.com\/view\/10.1093\/law-occ19\/law-occ19-e12\">riksdagen och domstolarna<\/a>. Den svenska regeringen antog \u00f6ver 100 lagar relaterade till Covid-19 under 2020, men dessa var mestadels av tidsbegr\u00e4nsad karakt\u00e4r. Till exempel best\u00e4mmelserna i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/global-legal-monitor\/2021-01-21\/sweden-new-covid-19-act-enters-into-force\/\">tillf\u00e4llig lagstiftning<\/a> som togs fram i april 2020 hade inte anv\u00e4nts alls n\u00e4r de l\u00f6pte ut i juli 2020. Trots detta kontroversiella, mindre invasiva tillv\u00e4gag\u00e5ngss\u00e4tt, tyder bevis p\u00e5 att det har funnits h\u00f6ga niv\u00e5er av efterlevnad av rekommendationer i Sverige f\u00f6r att begr\u00e4nsa spridningen av Covid-19, till exempel att h\u00e5lla fysiskt avst\u00e5nd och att arbeta hemifr\u00e5n d\u00e4r det \u00e4r m\u00f6jligt.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00e5nga f\u00f6rklaringar till Sveriges &quot;exceptionalism&quot; misslyckas med att erk\u00e4nna att den svenska strategin i viss m\u00e5n var f\u00f6rutbest\u00e4md av dess institutionella struktur. Den svenska grundlagen (grundlagarna: <em>Grundlagarna<\/em>) f\u00f6reskriver inte ett undantagstillst\u00e5nd f\u00f6r en folkh\u00e4lsokris. Undantagstillst\u00e5nd kan endast utlysas <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52021SC0725&amp;from=EN\">i tider av krig<\/a>. Det fanns allts\u00e5 ingen m\u00f6jlighet f\u00f6r befattningshavaren att <a href=\"https:\/\/bppblog.com\/2020\/04\/23\/the-swedish-exception\/?fbclid=IwAR3K5DXn7fD94-P0laRivYpJOUWf6bXn4bWR86W2LJqyK3Q08Jhx574-WoE\">upph\u00e4va r\u00e4ttigheter och friheter,<\/a> t.ex. r\u00f6relsefrihet, f\u00f6r att bromsa spridningen av Covid-19. Alternativet med en nationell l\u00e5sning f\u00f6r att kontrollera spridningen av en infektionssjukdom var sannolikt helt enkelt <a href=\"https:\/\/project.nek.lu.se\/publications\/workpap\/papers\/wp20_11.pdf\">inte f\u00f6rutsett<\/a> vid den tidpunkt d\u00e5 grundlagen skrevs. <a href=\"https:\/\/oxcon.ouplaw.com\/view\/10.1093\/law-occ19\/law-occ19-e12\">Vanlig lag<\/a> reglerar h\u00e4lson\u00f6dsituationer i Sverige, s\u00e4rskilt <a href=\"https:\/\/oxcon.ouplaw.com\/view\/10.1093\/law-occ19\/law-occ19-e12\">2004 \u00e5rs lag om smittsamma sjukdomar<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Andra l\u00e4nder som p\u00e5 liknande s\u00e4tt inte kunde upph\u00e4va r\u00e4ttigheter utanf\u00f6r krigstid inf\u00f6rde dock lockdown-\u00e5tg\u00e4rder p\u00e5 grundval av myndigheternas uppfattning att detta kunde g\u00f6ras p\u00e5 ett s\u00e4tt som var f\u00f6renligt med konstitutionella krav p\u00e5 proportionalitet och korrekt process (t.ex. <a href=\"https:\/\/oxcon.ouplaw.com\/view\/10.1093\/law-occ19\/law-occ19-e19?print=pdf\">Irland<\/a>). Till exempel <a href=\"https:\/\/oxcon.ouplaw.com\/view\/10.1093\/law-occ19\/law-occ19-e12\">2004 \u00e5rs lag om smittsamma sjukdomar<\/a> f\u00f6reskriver anv\u00e4ndning av karant\u00e4n i Sverige om det anses n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndigt. Trots detta tog inte regeringen in obligatoriska karant\u00e4nsregler f\u00f6r smittade personer. Sverige var ovanligt i sitt soft law-f\u00f6rh\u00e5llningss\u00e4tt \u00e4ven med h\u00e4nsyn till de konstitutionella begr\u00e4nsningar som fanns f\u00f6re 2020.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Den svenska grundlagen till\u00e5ter det <a href=\"https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/sweden-s-constitution-decides-its-exceptional-covid-19-policy\">begr\u00e4nsa offentliga sammankomster<\/a> under en epidemi, som regeringen genomf\u00f6rde, vid ett tillf\u00e4lle begr\u00e4nsade s\u00e5dana sammankomster till h\u00f6gst 50 personer. Konstitutionen pr\u00e4glas ocks\u00e5 av decentraliserad maktdelning och <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/5cc92d45-fbdb-43b7-9c66-26501693a371\">ger mycket kraft<\/a> till oberoende organ, s\u00e5som Folkh\u00e4lsomyndigheten (<em>Folkh\u00e4lsomyndigheten<\/em>). Den svenska strategin f\u00f6rlitade sig mycket p\u00e5 icke-bindande rekommendationer fr\u00e5n Folkh\u00e4lsomyndigheten och statsepidemiolog Anders Tegnell. Medan regeringen <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/apa.15582\">kan avvisa<\/a> dessa rekommendationer, i praktiken inte. Sveriges <a href=\"https:\/\/bppblog.com\/2020\/04\/23\/the-swedish-exception\/?fbclid=IwAR3K5DXn7fD94-P0laRivYpJOUWf6bXn4bWR86W2LJqyK3Q08Jhx574-WoE\">epistokratisk<\/a> och <a href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/2491502993?pq-origsite=summon\">teknokratisk<\/a> f\u00f6rvaltningsstrukturen underl\u00e4ttade en folkh\u00e4lsorespons som n\u00e4stan enbart leddes av folkh\u00e4lsoexperter, inte politiker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vidare har Socialdemokraterna och De gr\u00f6na suttit i en minoritetsregering sedan 2018. Denna svaga st\u00e4llning kan ha d\u00e4mpat varje \u00f6nskan att stifta extraordin\u00e4r lagstiftning som kan ha utl\u00f6st en omr\u00f6stning av <a href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/2491502993?pq-origsite=summon\">inget f\u00f6rtroende<\/a>. Dessutom handlade det verkst\u00e4llande svaret om n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndighets- och proportionalitetsprinciper, i enlighet med <a href=\"https:\/\/oxcon.ouplaw.com\/view\/10.1093\/law-occ19\/law-occ19-e12\">r\u00e4ttsstatsprincipen<\/a>. Folkh\u00e4lsomyndigheten \u00e4r dessutom skyldig att agera i folkh\u00e4lsointressena p\u00e5 ett holistiskt s\u00e4tt, och d\u00e4rf\u00f6r hade dess rekommendationer inte det enda syftet att f\u00f6rhindra spridning av Covid-19 p\u00e5 bekostnad av andra aspekter av folkh\u00e4lsan. Anders Tegnell pr\u00e4glade hans <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/5cc92d45-fbdb-43b7-9c66-26501693a371\">n\u00e4rma sig<\/a> som h\u00e5llbar och har ocks\u00e5 citerat bristen p\u00e5 befintliga vetenskapliga bevis f\u00f6r att st\u00f6dja l\u00e5sningar som en faktor i hans beslutsfattande.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Andra element som spelar in i att forma Sveriges syns\u00e4tt \u00e4r svenska <a href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/article\/commentary_sweden_goes_it_alone_the_eus_coronavirus_exception\/\">kultur,<\/a> en stark tradition av <a href=\"https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/underpinnings-sweden-s-permissive-covid-regime\">liberalism,<\/a> och Sveriges rykte som en stat med h\u00f6g f\u00f6rtroende. Svenskar har l\u00e4nge haft h\u00f6ga niv\u00e5er av institutionellt och mellanm\u00e4nskligt f\u00f6rtroende, vilket \u00e4r nyckelfaktorer n\u00e4r det kommer till efterlevnad av Covid-19-restriktioner, frivilligt eller p\u00e5 annat s\u00e4tt. Inte bara var detta f\u00f6rtroende n\u00e4rvarande <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/trust\">innan<\/a> pandemin \u00f6kade den i b\u00f6rjan av 2020 i en<a href=\"https:\/\/ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/1475-6765.12419\">samlas runt flaggan<\/a>&#039; effekt. Medan en senare studie fann att det mellanm\u00e4nskliga f\u00f6rtroendet minskade n\u00e5got n\u00e4r pandemin fortskred, p\u00e5verkades det institutionella f\u00f6rtroendet op\u00e5verkat och <a href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/2619083703\">f\u00f6rblev h\u00f6g<\/a>. Svenskar har ocks\u00e5 stort f\u00f6rtroende f\u00f6r <a href=\"https:\/\/v-a.se\/2021\/12\/coronavirus-in-the-media-swedish-study-highlights-high-public-confidence-in-researchers\/\">forskare<\/a>. S\u00e5ledes regeringens svar, som f\u00f6rlitade sig p\u00e5 f\u00f6rtroende och personligt ansvar, <a href=\"https:\/\/project.nek.lu.se\/publications\/workpap\/papers\/wp20_11.pdf\">speglad<\/a> de normer och v\u00e4rderingar som den svenska allm\u00e4nheten har. Till exempel, efter att det offentliga st\u00f6det f\u00f6r laissez-faire-strategin avtog efter den f\u00f6rsta Covid-19-v\u00e5gen, antog ledningen <a href=\"https:\/\/oxcon.ouplaw.com\/view\/10.1093\/law-occ19\/law-occ19-e12\">Covid-19 Act 2021<\/a>, som begr\u00e4nsade r\u00e4ttigheterna p\u00e5 ett s\u00e4tt som sannolikt skulle ha varit socialt oacceptabelt fram till dess.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Syftet med den h\u00e4r bloggen \u00e4r inte att utv\u00e4rdera Sveriges tillv\u00e4gag\u00e5ngss\u00e4tt i termer av dess folkh\u00e4lsoresultat, utan att belysa det institutionella sammanhanget f\u00f6r svaret och de faktorer som p\u00e5verkar efterlevnaden av restriktioner som inte var mandat fr\u00e5n regeringen. Sveriges konstitutionella ramar gav en f\u00e4rdplan f\u00f6r att ta itu med pandemin l\u00e5ngt innan den b\u00f6rjade, och kan \u00e5tminstone delvis f\u00f6rklara det till stor del frivilliga inst\u00e4llningen och regeringens f\u00f6rv\u00e4ntningar p\u00e5 personligt ansvar under hela Covid-19-pandemin.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Orlaith Rice Sweden\u2019s response to the Covid-19 pandemic is one that has attracted global commentary. It has been categorised as \u2018the EU\u2019s exception\u2019, a \u2018pariah state\u2019, and been labelled \u2018anti-lockdown\u2019, \u2018experimental\u2019, \u2018light-touch\u2019, and \u2018na\u00efve\u2019. Since Covid-19 was first declared a pandemic in March 2020, Sweden has never imposed a national lockdown, enforced general quarantine [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":714,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-711","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-covid-19"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Swedish Exceptionalism: Pandemic Response, Public Trust, and Constitutional Design\u00a0 - FIAT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/foundations.ac\/sv\/swedish-exceptionalism-pandemic-response-public-trust-and-constitutional-design\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sv_SE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Swedish Exceptionalism: Pandemic Response, Public Trust, and Constitutional Design\u00a0 - FIAT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Orlaith Rice Sweden\u2019s response to the Covid-19 pandemic is one that has attracted global commentary. 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